The Armenian uestion

    The Armenian Question and the American Missionaries

American missionary activities in the ottoman geography started in 1898 in massachusett-boston with the start of two missionaries belonging to the protestant missionary organization of the "American foreign contractors commission" on january 5, 1820 to i̇zmir (başbuğ, 1924, pp. 802; barton, 1906, pp. 747-748).

Priority targets when american missionaries were unable to influence muslims and jews, they turned to other christians who were ottoman subjects and armenians. They gave importance to education.
 studies and schooling in protestantization. The educational activities that form the backbone of the american missionary activities in anatolia started with the first school in beirut in 1824. The foundation of the missionary school driver, who would pay as a network, was laid. All the intensity of the work in anatolia was shifted to the 1840s, and even the official name of the mission turned into the 18 armenian mission ’. Depending on this, the qualities of hungry schools have also changed. The aim of asım was to open special education schools, nursing schools, health schools, trade schools and engineering schools for schools, kindergartens, industry-vocational schools, blind and deaf people. In 1860s, college or college type schools were opened. By the 1913-1914 years, the educational system of the ottoman missionaries had reached enormous scale. According to this, there were 23,679 students enrolled in 473 elementary schools, 5190 students enrolled in 54 secondary schools, 2621 students enrolled in 11 colleges, 24 students enrolled in 4 theological schools and a total of 32,252 students with 738 prep students (kocabaşoğlu, 2000, p. 48, 55, 58). ). Orvis, 1915, p. 37-38, 61).

The most important working areas of missionaries after schooling are education supporters. Missionaries, printing his basic dynamics and training activities in malta in 1822, then established printing houses in izmir, beirut, istanbul and antep. In these printing houses, they printed books in armenian or armenian letters, in other words, in newspapers, in brochures and periodicals. The number of pages of books and treaties, which were published in the mid-1850s and in large part in the armenian language, reached 121,780,000. The number of pages from 1833 to 1910 was between 20 and 50 million per year. The questions about the publication of the first world war have not been published and this situation has reached 20 million dollars (kocabaşoğlu, 1988, pp. 269, 271, 273, 277-283; kocabaşoğlu, 2000, 38, 65-67, 111-114; dwight, 1856 , pp. 318-319; dutton, 1910/1911, p. 356; arpee, 1936, p. 153).

The influence of the missionaries on the ottoman armenians appears. According to the armenian historian suzanne elizabeth moranian, as a result of the education of the missionaries, the armenians continued their life for centuries and moved into the protestant way of life (moranian, 1994, pp. 73-74, 84). The missionary activities have caused great harm to the ottoman social order and territorial integrity. When education laid the foundation of the çık free society,, it took pride in misunderstanding, educating bulgarian that they educated, leading bulgaria to pioneer the independence of the ottoman empire, and they concluded that they were insurmountable for armenia. They supported the continuation of the conflict environment with efficient messages and actions. The missionaries who committed the apostle of the enlightenment directed the armenians to oppose any government (including the gregorian church) which prevented their freedom (moranian, 1994, pp. 79-80).Edwin Munsell Bliss, The American Board missionary. On the other hand, he said that they had to use the revision of the Ottoman society (Bliss, 1896, p. 321). ; Moranian, 1994, p. 81). The driving force of Armenian Armenians has been widely read in Europe, but the local language and history has been widely accepted (Moranian, 1994, pp. 82, 84- 85).

Dwight, one of the most veteran protestant missionaries, stated in the 1820s So, Dwight, along with countless books and translations, showed that the Bible was published in a simple, pure and mature form, and it was the first time that the Armenian was a modern Armenian. was worth it. they emphasized that they would appreciate more than the present - which is the Contribution of American missionaries to the Armenian national awakening (Dwight, 1850, p. 9; Dwight, 1856, p. 318). Armenian is a Turkish language. However, by the Armenian language, Turkish-speaking Armenians, the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian language, the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian language, the Ottoman Empire. This is XIX. The Ottoman Empire, in which the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, wrote the Ottoman Empire. 1994, pp. 71, 86).

Missionaries in the Ottoman Empire. Thus, they improved the Armenian awakening, social mobility and nationalism. The tension between the Turks and the Armenians. They have been living in the office for an afternoon. Muslim neighbors (Moranian, 1994, pp. 86-87; 1929, pp. 403-404).

American policy in the United States. The mission of the Ottoman government. They played in the Ottoman Empire in order to ensure that their interests were more than adequate (Reed, 1972, p. 234). American Ottoman Empire, part of American Ottoman Empire, part of the Ottoman Empire, part of the Ottoman Empire. he confessed that he had never used them again. According to Williams, these consulates were opened and no American interest would be encouraged. The consulations were managed by the missionary (Weightman, 1906, pp. 890-891).

In this way, the American missionaries, who had a diplomatic staff, gave the Armenian diplomatic staff the opportunity to concentrate on the Armenian economy. Though they didn't like the Armenian revolutionaries. The American Board has put pressure on diplomatic and military measures. The Board of the American Journal. This missionary organizationAnother aspect of the influence of the missionaries on the Armenian Question is that the Armenian revolutionaries attack the missionaries to ensure the intervention of the Great Powers (Grabill, 1964, pp. 14-15). The Armenian revolutionaries sought to direct America into a political or military intervention for the benefit of the Armenian cause, foreseeing that an independent Armenia could be established only by the intervention of large states, as in the case of Greece and Bulgaria. In this context, Mark Sykes, the architect of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, noted in his visit to the region after the 1895 Zeytun Rebellion that Armenian revolutionaries targeted American missionaries:

The outsiders (Armenians) are ready to instigate a massacre to direct (big) states to help them. I have ample evidence to believe that these bastards had indeed planned to kill American missionaries, hoping that America would convict the Turks and declare war (the Ottoman Empire).

(Sykes, 1988, pp. 71, 78)

With the revolts of 1894-1896, the letters, articles and books of the missionary which focused on the increasing number of Turks and focused on the exaltation of the Armenians, were influential in spreading the image of ve Unspoken Turkish an and ine Terrible Turk Türk in both America and Europe (Hurewitz, 1953). , pp. 167-168; DeNovo, 1963, p. 104). However, the 1915 implementation of the Shipment and Settlement application, the American missionaries in the Ottoman geography of the most invested in the Armenian new campaign to help the Armenians fired a wide range of these aids to provide a wide participation by using the American print media to be publicized and Turkish hostility was tried to rivet. In this context, it can be seen that the Washington Post, which was an example in this context, consisted mainly of eye witnesses and often Armenian refugees, who came out between the years 1915-1916 and focused on the Dispatch and Settlement Law and the Armenian deaths. The Armenian refugees, who were presented as witnesses, acted prejudicially while transferring the events, exaggerating the number of Armenians who died in order to put the Ottoman government in trouble and to force Russia and other allies to help. In the news of the allied states related to the Armenian incidents, the Ottoman Empire is portrayed as ef sinful ef and an attempt is made to bring the United States into the war on the side of the allies. In these articles, the missionaries were portrayed as reliable sources and because they were Americans, it was thought that they would not obscure the facts with national prejudices (Taylor, 2009, pp. 65-66).

The American public opinion was formed in the years of the First World War, in particular after the 1915 Dispatch and Settlement, based on missionary information. The missionaries poisoned the American people against the Turks, organized aid campaigns to the Armenians they believed deserved to be independent, and established a charity in 1915. Thus, they tried to keep the Armenian case alive in America and they waited impatiently for the days when the American government would intervene in the Ermen Eastern Question Böylece in favor of the Armenians. This attitude shows how much the missionaries attach importance to the propaganda power of the missionaries. XX. century's first year in Syria and involved in the US embassy in Egypt and the 20 years of the Islamic world constantly browsing Alexander Powell admits the nature of the assessments against Turkey how to use propaganda and is generally quite stunning, point out how the design of prejudices formed against the Turks:

The propaganda, as a political term, was invented by us to use it as a legitimate weapon in the struggle against the Allies (bir) The American nation was misinformed about the Turks through a propaganda silah (olarak) the Turks were involved in the massacres against Armenians, To say that they always manage badly, that they are never good and they can never be, reflects a superficial view (maktad) the political propaganda, which has been done for years against the Turks, has been used to justify the political and regional plans of European nations. The Turks did not have the opportunity to respond to the bombardment against them. Because, in Western Europe and the United States, there were no spokespeople who could defend themselves, except for a few people. The possibility of sending a telegram to the Western European and American press or finding a column in this press was closed to the Turks (Avrupa)

The American public had to rely on the opinions and predictions of the experts who did not get up from their seats in writing about the character, goals and future of the Turks. Probably 99% of those who signed editorials in American newspapers about the Turks have never had parties in Turkey and I bet their resources aYou will not find a single Ottoman Turks in the rain (...) Another reason for the formation of a misconception in America for Turkey were also missionaries (...) missionaries, half a century or more is a long time, close and host for the Middle East they became the source of information, shaped the American public opinion towards the peoples living in this region (Christian minorities, especially the Armenians). They have adopted the Armenian cause by being rejected by the Muslim Turks and welcomed by the Christian Armenians and they have defended the oppressed Christians in their reports to the United States, and condemned the Turks (...) called a large (help) have established the organization, this organization all over the leakage to other communities in the American sub-branches, has become a supporter of the Christians in Turkey. I do not claim that this organization has political activities. However, I believe that they are the mediators of anti-Turkish propaganda (para) An official, who is the representative of both the aid organization and the American press in Istanbul, confessed to his friends that he was only able to send anti-Turkish news to America, because only the news brought money tı. (Powell, 1925, pp. 23-24, 28, 31-37) As it is known, Powell's yıl Near East Relief, is a missionary aid organization founded in 1915 and changed to ın American Commitee for Armenian and Syrian Relief East four years later. The missionaries asked President Wilson to make an appeal to the American people on October 22, 1916, in order to fully compensate for his propaganda towards the American people. In the papers published upon the acceptance of this, the Turks were glorified and the Armenians were glorified and the aid campaign in Anatolia was presented as a national, Crusade Bun. In April 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the Entente and on January 8, 1918, in the framework of the official interpretation of the ği Fourteen Points res by President Wilson, the Armenians were supposed to have an independent state under the auspices of a protective power. President Wilson, on the other hand, has adopted the mandate of mandate for Armenia to be established in Eastern Anatolia on the part of Paris Peace Conference. In accepting the mandate by the US Congress, he relied on the special interest of the American people in Armenia - shaped by missionaries. This mandate, which was designed independently from the objectives of the Turkish national struggle (1919-1922), was not accepted by the American Congress and caused the Armenian cause to be lost in the United States. However, in spite of the Congress's decision, President Wilson agreed to set the boundaries of the Allied project to the Republic of Armenia based in Yerevan, a part of Eastern Anatolia, and the creation of a major Armenia, as it had previously promised to its allies (Britain and France). It has. In this respect, President Wilson has included Armenia in Armenia at the London Conference, as an extension of the sympathy for the Armenians (DeNova, 1963, pp. 103-104, 122-123; Grabill, 1968) 49-50; Sachar, 1953, pp. 92-93, 160; Allison, 1953, pp. 44, 82; Howard, 1974, p. 47; Helmreich, 1996, p 225). But the Turkish national struggle and victory won over these border plans.